#OBSERVER BIAS SERIES#

Sex differences and aggression: A rejoinder and reprise. Stanford, Calif.: Stanford University Press, 1974. Identification with parents as a determinant of doll play aggression. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 1974, 42, 774–780. Expectation biases in observational evaluation of therapeutic change.

An investigation of sex bias in behavioral observations and ratings. Mother-child interaction and the socialization process. Aggression in toddlers' responses to the assertive acts of boys and girls. The influence of sex of child on parental reactions to toddler children. Sex differences in childhood psychopathology: A review. The relationship of early infant regulation and later behavior in play interviews. Rough and tumble play: A function of gender. Expectancy confirmation processes arising in the social interaction sequence. A comparison of observed and reported adult-infant interactions: Effects of perceived sex.

Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 1981, 40, 441–452.Ĭulp, R. Person categories and social perception: Testing some boundaries of the processing effects of prior knowledge. Sex differences: A study of the ear of the beholder. Sex differences: A study in the eye of the beholder. New York: Academic Press, 1979.Ĭondry, J., & Condry, S. Maher (Ed.), Progress in experimental personality research. Beyond the box score: A boundary condition for sex differences in aggression and achievement striving. Sex stereotype effects in children's picture recognition. Gender schema theory: A cognitive account of sex typing. Implications pertaining to the socialization of aggression and to research on sex differences in aggression are discussed.īem, S. These results are interpreted in light of the literature on schematic processing. Additionally, it was found that some forms of instruction eliminate sex-typed biases while others yield significant biases among both male and female untrained observers. Study 2 examined 48 adults' responses under one of three instruction conditions.

#OBSERVER BIAS SERIES#

When they rated a series of drawings of two children interacting, males rated boys as significantly more aggressive than girls. It was found that a significant subset of both males and females recorded more aggression for boys than for girls when they scanned scenes that showed numerous children interacting. In order to examine the possibility that the attribution of more aggression to boys may be in part a function of observer bias, 40 adults were asked in Study 1 to record the degree of aggression in a series of line drawings that showed children interacting.

Observer bias